WEEK 2-FYP 2

1/3/2017

Activity:    Study and choose what controlling process of the dialyser that suit with my project.

Objective: To know more about the dialyser which is the main part in hemodialysis treatment.

Content/procedure:

Diffusion is the exchange of things dissolved in fluid (solutes) across the membrane due to differences in the amounts of the solutes on the two sides (concentration gradient). If there is a higher concentration of a given solute on one side of the membrane than on the other, then diffusion will occur to try to make the concentrations on both sides of the membrane the same. By controlling the chemicals in the dialysate, the dialysis machine controls this transfer of solutes according to the doctor's prescription. Dialysis machines control the chemicals in the dialysate by mixing dialysis fluid concentrates, which are strong versions of the chemicals, (acetate or sodium bicarbonate plus acetic acid based solutions) with purified water. The mixing is generally controlled using either conductivity control (measuring how well the fluid conducts electricity) or by volumetric control (how much water is mixed with how much chemical) of the water and concentrates. Sodium profiling (changing the amount of sodium in the dialysis fluid at various times during the treatment) is used in many modern dialysis machines to vary the conductivity of the dialysate over the course of the treatment to improve the total amount of solute removed by diffusion.

Ultrafiltration, also referred to as convection, is fluid flow through the membrane, forced by a difference in pressure on the two sides of the dialyzer (pressure gradient). This controls the patient's weight loss over the course of the treatment. While earlier dialysis machines either controlled dialysate pressure or the pressure difference across the membrane in order to achieve ultrafiltration, modern dialysis machines are generally volumetric, meaning they control the volume of fluid removed from the patient directly and allowing dialysate pressure to change as it will in order to achieve the prescribed weight loss. Volumetric control is generally achieved either by controlling the flow of dialysate in and out of the dialyzer at different rates with two flow controllers, or by having equal flow rates in and out of the dialyzer and removing fluid between these equal flows. Volumetric control allows the doctor to take advantage of more effective "high flux" dialyzers, which allow a great deal of fluid movement with very little pressure differences.

   Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in the amounts of solute on the two sides of the membrane. In dialysis, this refers not to water movement across the hemodialyzer membrane, but across cell membranes within the body-either from within the red cells to the blood plasma, or from within cells of the various tissues in the body (like muscles) to interstitial fluid (the fluid in between cells). Sodium profiling, as described in the "diffusion" section, can be used to increase the rate of osmosis early in the treatment by increasing the sodium level of the plasma

Result/analysis

In this project, I choose to use osmosis controlling process. Osmosis is the net movement of water across a filter. The fluid that I use is syrup water with microbeads. So that, the waste (microbeads) will trapped at the water filter.  the figures below show the stepper motor hybrid series that I bought from the QQ Trading at Pasar Road.  

Figure 1:Upfront  view of the stepper motor 

Figure 2: Side view of the stepper motor

WEEK 1-FYP2

22/2/2017

Activity: 

                 -Study more about dialyser and peristaltic pump

                 - study more about the hemodialysis

Objective:

- To more understand about the haemodialysis before develop the prototype.

- To more understand about the main part of the project which is dialyser and peristaltic pump.

Content/procedure:

The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common center connection. They have two independent sets of coils instead. You can distinguish them from unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires. You should find two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If you've got the leads of your meter connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same coil), you should see infinite resistance (or no continuity).

Figure 1: The stepper motor coils

There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, blood is passed through an artificial kidney (hemodialyzer) to clean it. Peritoneal dialysis uses a filtering process like hemodialysis, but the blood is cleaned inside the body rather than in a machine.

Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter the blood inside a body. Doctors call this lining the peritoneum. A doctor will place a catheter in a belly a few weeks before start the treatment.

When the peritoneal dialysis is start, dialysis solution like a water with salt and other additives will flows from a bag through the catheter into a belly. When the bag is empty, the catheter can disconnect from the bag and cap it so patient can move around and do normal activities. While the dialysis solution is inside a belly, it soaks up wastes and extra fluid from the body. After a few hours, drain the used dialysis solution into a drain bag. Patient can then dispose of the used dialysis solution, which is now full of wastes and extra fluid, in a toilet or down the drain of a sink or bathtub. Then start over with a fresh bag of dialysis solution.

In hemodialysis, blood is removed from the body and circulated through an extracorporeal fluid circuit (outside the body), then returned to the patient. This circuit includes a hemodialyzer, which is where the blood is cleaned. The hemodialyzer contains a selectively permeable membrane, which is a filter that allows fluids and waste (uremic toxins) to pass through, but prevents the exchange of blood components, microorganisms and the "skeletons" of dead microorganisms (endotoxins). The fluid used to clean the blood (dialysate) flows in the opposite direction to the blood on the opposite side of the membrane, while waste and extra fluid are removed from the blood and end up in the dialysate

Result and analysis

I has choose the hemodialysis treatment because it is most often done by trained health professionals who can watch for any problems. It allows patient to be in contact with other people having dialysis, which may give emotional support to patients. Also, patient don't have to do it by their self, as do with peritoneal dialysis. While the peritoneal can  increases the risk for an infection of the lining of the belly, called peritonitis. For the peristaltic pump, I will use stepper motor bipolar series. Bipolar motor have high torque.

Conclusion

Proceed to buying the component next week to start the design the circuit and simulating the circuit using Proteus. Also, to study about the dialyser controlling process.

WEEK 14

4/1/2017

Activity: Submit report proposal and complete update blog

Objective:

1. Explain all activities done for passed 14 week for this semester
2. Update and make some correction in certain part of this blog
3. Submit report proposal to supervisor

Content/procedure:

1. Send the draft or report to supervisor before submit the final report proposal
2. Supervisor make some correction on my report

Result/analysis:

1. Report Proposal will be submitted on 6/1/2017
2. Blog is done updated until week 14

Conclusion:

Even though I have completed submit my proposal and my blog, I still have to prepare for my FYP 2, which is the mechanical parts for the next semester. Overall, all the tasks given for this semester had been done completely. Special thanks to my supervisor, Dr Ahmad Sabry , who always guide me to archive my objective for this semester. Thanks a lot to my family and friends that always support me doing my project. 

WEEK 13

28/12/2016

Activity: Making report proposal and updating blog

Objective: 

• Making the report proposal for FYP 1 
• Updating the blog 

Content/procedure:

• Start writing the report about my project
• Discuss with friends to make some correction on my English grammar on my blog.

Result/analysis:

Blog is done updated

Conclusion:

To complete the report and the block until week 14. 

WEEK 12

21/12/2016

Activity: Presentation Day for Final Year Project 1 (FYP1)

Objective: 

1. Propose project title as final year project as degree engineering student
2. Take note for any corrections/recommendation gave by assessors
3. defend the project title for FYP2

Content/procedure:

• Keep reading anything related to my project
• Prepare myself to be confident during presentation.

Result/analysis:

Figure 1: Front page of my slide presentation

The presentation had been done successfully. I had been assessed by 2 assessors which were Madam Afifah and Sir Zubir. Some recommendations had been given to improve my project which is :

1. The flow chart must be clear explanation
2. The blood volume rate must be know when are using the prototype.
3. The project should be have extracorporeal blood circuit and dialyses system
4. The project should have a pressusre sensor and bubble detector

Conclusion:

I have received good recommendations that later I will think about

WEEK 11

14/12/2016

Activity: Research about the circuit diagram used to developed my project

Objective:To find the suitable circuit diagram that can be used for my project

Content/procedure:

• A lot of circuit diagram based on 8051 microcontroller project. I choose circuit diagram stepper motor interfacing with 8051. it is the simple circuit but I will add one more stepper motor

Result/analysis:

Stepper motor is made up of a stator and a rotator. Stator represents the four electromagnet coils which remain stationary around the rotator, and rotator represents permanent magnet which rotates. Whenever the coils energised by applying the current, the electromagnetic field is created, resulting the rotation of rotator (permanent magnet). Coils should be energised in a particular sequence to make the rotator rotate. On the basis of this “sequence” we can divide the working method of Unipolar stepper motor in three modes: Wave drive mode, full step drive mode and half step drive mode.

In this project, full drive step will use. full step drive is when  two coil are energised at the same time producing high torque. Power consumption is higher.

Figure 1: The stepper motor circuit interfacing with 8051 microcontroller

Conclusion

 I choose the above circuit to make the revision on designing my project. The all component are available at the market and internet..

WEEK 10

7/12/2016

Activity : Research about the component that will uses in the project

Objective:

• To study about the microcontroller AT89S52
• To study about the peristaltic pump using stepper motor
• To study about the dialyser

Content/Procedure:

1. AT89S52 is use in this project as microcontroller that will control all the process of the system.
2. Peristaltic pump using stepper motor to transporting the blood from the input to the output. 
3. water filter is use to replace dialyser in this project

Result/ analysis:

1. AT89S52 is 8K byte programmable flash memory
2. AT89S52 have 4 ports , 2 interrupts,3 timers and etc 
3. Stepper motor using unipolar mode

Figure 1 : AT89S52 pinout

Figure 2 : Peristaltic pump using stepper motor [1]

Conclusion

The microcontroller AT89S52 is suitable to drive this project and the peristaltic pump is used to transporting the fluid.